Retinal morphological and functional response to Idebenone therapy in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy.

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a mitochondrial disease leading to optic atrophy due to degeneration of the retinal ganglion cell. A curative treatment is not available at the moment, but a new antioxidant drug, Idebenone, is expected to reduce the progression of the disorder. Two male patients, genetically confirmed with LHON, were clinically, morphologically, and electrophysiologically evaluated, before and three, six, nine and 12 months after starting the treatment. The patient with 3460G>A mutation in mitochondrially-encoded nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form (NADH):ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit (mtND)1 gene showed an improvement in visual acuity, visual field, and visual evoked potentials with no effect on morphological examinations, while the patient with 11778G>A mutation in mtND4 gene showed no functional, nor morphological recovery after one year of treatment. This study demonstrates that Idebenone, depending on the genetic profile of the disease, may be effective in functional improvement in patients with LHON.

Eyelid carcinomas: Tumor aggressiveness tendencies for smokers compared to non-smokers.

During the past few years, several studies have demonstrated that head and neck carcinomas present more aggressive forms for smokers, relative to non-smokers. Our aim was to investigate the tumor aggressiveness for patients with eyelid carcinomas, in relation to tobacco consumption, as well as other demographic and clinical data. For 98 patients with eyelid carcinomas, we studied the relationship between the duration of their symptoms and their tumor stage at first diagnosis, trying to determine potential correlations with smoking status and several other clinical parameters. Our data revealed that, for the same duration of symptoms, tobacco consumers tended to have higher tumor stages, which did not correlate with other variables. For early diagnosed tumors, within the first year of symptoms, smokers presented 6.044 times higher odds to exhibit more advanced tumor stages, compared to non-smokers, and this value decreased to 4.501, up to 5 years of the presence of symptoms (P<0.05). We also noted that, for smokers, an increased age was associated with increased tumor stages, which was opposed to non-smokers, regardless of their symptom duration [average odds ratio (OR) 1.122, P<0.05]. Tumor aggressiveness was therefore associated with tobacco consumption, leading to an increased risk of developing more aggressive forms of eyelid carcinomas for smokers, compared to non-smokers.

Locally advanced choroidal melanoma with favorable molecular prognosis - case report.

Uveal malignant melanoma is a rare malignant tumor comprising less than 5% of melanoma cases. It is nevertheless the intraocular tumor with the highest incidence in adults, that arises from the melanocytes in the uveal tract. The authors present the case of a patient with locally advanced choroidal melanoma: from presentation to diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. A 63-year-old female patient presented in the Ambulatory of the Emergency County Hospital, Craiova, Romania, on the February 1, 2021, accusing visual acuity drop and photophobia in her left eye for about three weeks. Pathology examination in Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining reveals a dense cell proliferation, with small and medium spindle cells and pigment production. The following immunohistochemical markers were used in our study: human melanoma black 45 (HMB45), Ki67, cyclin D1, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), S100, Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1), p16, and p53. Uveal melanoma is a malignant tumor that can arise in all the uveal components: iris, ciliary body, and choroid. Out of the three components, iris melanomas have the best prognosis, while ciliary body melanomas have the worst prognosis. It is mandatory for the patient to respect the follow-up schedule, as follow-ups can provide early diagnosis of eventual metastasis.

The Learning Curve of Surgery of Diabetic Tractional Retinal Detachment-A Retrospective, Comparative Study.

Background and Objectives: There are few data in the literature concerning the learning curve of tractional retinal detachment (TRD) surgery. We have analyzed the experience gained by a vitreoretinal surgeon over 10 years. Materials and Methods: A retrospective, comparative study of 34 TRD cases operated using 20G instruments between 2008 and 2011 (group A) and 94 cases operated using 23G instruments between 2015 and 2019 (group B). The preoperative characteristics, the type of endotamponade, and the anatomical and functional success were reviewed. Results: The group A patients had a significantly higher rate of concomitant vitreous hemorrhage (VH) at presentation (64.7% vs. 37.2%) and of non-macular retinal detachments (52.9% vs. 39.3%). The rate of silicone oil endotamponade was high in both groups (76.4% vs. 68.1%), but in group B 25.5% were left without a tamponade (vs. none in group A). A postoperative anatomical success was obtained in 76.5% of eyes in group A and 84.04% of eyes in group B (where it was improved to 89.3% by reinterventions). The presenting visual acuity (VA) was very low in both groups (0.01 and 0.05, respectively). The proportion of eyes with improved or stabilized VA was 85.3% in group A and 79.8% in group B (statistically non-significant difference). Conclusions: The anatomical success rate improves quite slowly with increasing surgeon experience and can be further improved by reinterventions. Visual improvement does not match the rate of anatomical improvement. With increasing experience and self-confidence, the surgeon will approach more difficult cases, a fact that may slow down the increase in surgical success rates.

Three-Dimensional Model of the Human Eye Development based on Computer Tomograph Images.

The objective of this study was to obtain a virtual biomechanical three dimensional model of the human eye though a multidisciplinary collaboration between researchers in various medical and informational fields in order to reach a better understanding of the optical performance of the healthy and diseased eye. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In order to obtain the virtual model, we analyzed the CT and MRI images of six patients, aged between 21 and 80 years old, dating from February 2013 until January 2019. These scans totalized 4226 images. We selected to use for the construction of the model the CT images of a male patient of 54 years old. In Vesalius and Geomagic for SolidWorks programs were used. RESULTS: Based on the CT images analysis and using the above mentioned programs, we created a virtual model of the human skull in which the orbit is located, including the eye globe and the extraocular muscles. The SolidWorks virtual model allows the attachment of materials with real properties of the eye tissues. This model can be used in various simulations for the healthy and diseased eye. CONCLUSIONS: The biomechanical eye model of the eye was created based on a "in vivo" eye model. As the SolidWorks format enables using materials with identical properties to those of the human eyeball, this virtual model can provide very realistic eye simulations.

Behavior pattern of early-stage ocular surface squamous cell carcinoma in non-HIV patients.

Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is a malignant or dysplastic lesion that has its origins in the epithelial cells at the ocular surface. The structures from which these lesions can arise are the conjunctiva, the limbus, and the cornea. Our study was conducted on a group of seven patients with ocular surface squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Histopathologically diagnosed SCCs were then assessed as well, moderately and poorly differentiated, depending on which area of differentiation dominated in Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. For the immunohistochemical analysis, the following antibodies (markers) were used: Ki67, p53 and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), E-cadherin, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Our study group was composed of seven cases of SCCs of the ocular surface. Three were below in T1 American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage, two cases were in T2 AJCC stage, and two cases were in T3 AJCC stage. None of our cases were T4, N1 or M1 AJCC tumors. Four of the cases were histopathologically moderately differentiated SCCs of the ocular surface and three were poorly differentiated SCCs. None of the seven patients present human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. P53 immunostaining was strongly present in our study. Bcl-2 overexpression is not a fact that our study highlights. The expression of Ki67 proliferation marker was low in our study. Our study on ocular surface SCC reveals negative assessment of VEGF immunostaining. E-cadherin expression in our study was positive. Ocular surface SCCs are slow growing tumors, with very low metastasis potential, when HIV-infection is not present.

Unilateral Eales' disease a case report.

Introduction. Eales disease is an idiopathic peripheral vascular occlusive disease characterized by inflammation, ischemia, and retinal neovascularization and is hallmarked by recurrent vitreous hemorrhages and vision loss. Case report. We present a case of a 48-year-old female with recurrent floaters and decreased vision in her right eye. The onset of symptoms was in 2007 when a diagnose of retinal vasculitis was made. She had no accompanying systemic signs and symptoms and no history of ocular trauma or previous tuberculosis infection. The eye condition was managed only with intermittent focal laser treatment, because the general treatment with steroids was not efficient and poorly tolerated. After the laser treatment, the visual acuity completely recovered and there was no recurrence of vitreous hemorrhage. The case particularity was the unilaterality after 9 years from the onset.

Posterior vitreous detachment and macular anatomical changes - a tomographic-electroretinographic study.

AIM: Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) is a physiological phenomenon due to aging characterized by separation of the vitreous cortex from the retina and may induce a variety of pathological events at the vitreoretinal junction. The aim of this study is to highlight in vivo anatomical and functional changes in early stages of PVD allowing the correct treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Non-consecutive case series; optical coherence tomography (OCT) relies on analyzing the reflectivity of coherent light from different anatomical interfaces within posterior vitreous and retinal histological layers, thus acquiring transverse sections through vitreoretinal interface, sensory retina, retinal pigment epithelium and choroid. Modern techniques using Fourier spectral analysis of the reflected light enhance axial resolution to 5-10 µm, almost matching classic histological sections. Integrating these sections, OCT can reconstruct three-dimensional tissue anatomy. Full-field electroretinogram (ERG) evaluates the function of the entire retina evoked by a flash light. RESULTS: Imaging of the vitreoretinal interface with OCT allowed staging PVD and correctly diagnosing its secondary pathologies: cystoid macular edema, vitreomacular traction syndrome, epiretinal membrane, macular pucker, macular hole, macular pseudohole, lamellar macular hole. The cone response of full-field ERG is a marker of retinal damage in macular pathology due to PVD. CONCLUSIONS: Correct understanding of vitreoretinal anatomic and functional changes due to posterior vitreous detachment is essential for a proper diagnosis and treatment.

Impression conjunctival cytology in sicca syndrome - correlations between clinical and histological findings related to dry eye severity.

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca represents a progressive deterioration of ocular surface produced by a deficient secretion of lachrymal film (quantitative disorder) or excessive tear evaporation (qualitative disorder). The cytological analysis of conjunctival impression in 42 patients with dry eye syndrome established a strong correlation between the clinical grade of severity of disease and the grade of squamous metaplasia, including goblet cell loss. The cellular anomalies were represented by modifications of keratinization, epithelial cells' anisocytosis, anisochromia, the nuclear condensation and the cytoplasmic vacuolization. Pyknotic nuclei and anucleated cells were only seen in the most severe dry eye. The modifications in epithelial cells and conjunctival goblet cells reveal cellular sufferance, with an evident parallelism between these anomalies and clinico-functional signs in dry eye. Conjunctival impression provides an easy and quick identification of the lachrymal film alterations with high specificity and sensitivity, giving valuable information about the qualitative disorder.

[Bilateral blindness in endogenous endophthalmitis with fulminant course -- a clinical case]. / Cecitate bilaterala dupa endoftalmita endogena cu evolutie fulminanta--caz clinic.

We present the case of man with endogenous endophtalmitis AO, with Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus type 2 and Viral hepatitis type C. The prognosis was reserved in the context of the underlying disease, with loss of his visual acuity OD and evisceration OS. Despite the correct treatment and many clinical, laboratory, imaging and interclinical examinations, etiologic diagnosis was established with great difficulty and very late.

[Clinical associations between retinal vascular diseases and cardiovascular diseases in patients with systemic atheromatosis]. / Corelatii clinice dintre afectiunile vasculare reiniene si afectiunile cardiovasculare la pacientii cu ateromatoza sistemica.

A clinical study was conducted on a sample of 48 patients examined within 3 months. Of these, 27 patients were recruited by ophtalmologic criteria and 21 recruited by cardiologic criteria, 25% of these patients coming for routine check. They were investigated by ophthalmic examination, cardiological examination, imaging and laboratory examination. Testing has shown a strong link between cardiovascular disease and the eye of the patients investigated. The study demonstrated the need for interdisciplinary consultation for patients with vascular complaints in the carotid territory and a close correlation between the vascular and ophthalmologic pathology at this level.

[Laser trabeculoplasty--a prospective study]. / Trabeculoplastia laser--un studiu prospectiv (rezultate de etapa).

PURPOSE AND METHOD: Prospective study on 22 glaucoma patients (31 eyes)--pseudoexfoliation glaucoma and POAG--who underwent nonselective laser trabeculoplasty during 2007. The follow-up time is intended to be 5 years, with a preliminary report at 2 years. Our study wants to evaluate the efficiency and safety of the laser procedure. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: The initial success rate was 100%; the mean IOP lowering was 11 mmHg (38%) for the pseudoexfoliation glaucoma and 5 mmHg (20%) for POAG. At 2 year interval, the success rate of trabeculoplasty was 79% for pseudoexfoliation glaucoma and still 100% for POAG. CONCLUSIONS: The preliminary results provided by our study are better than those described in the literature; we find an explanation in the fact that our group was not randomized.

[Laser trabeculoplasty--a review]. / Trabeculoplastia laser--trecere in revista a literaturii.

Laser therapy in open angle glaucomas represents an important step in their management, a topic of intense research during the second part of the XXth century. The initial enthousiasm generated by spectacular results obtained with minimal risks and complications, was soon tampered by their short survival. Nowadays, laser therapy is considered a second or third line therapy, alternative to surgery or intermediate stage between medication and surgery. There are selected cases in which laser therapy may be first line treatment in open angle glaucomas.

[Preventive iridotomy--a prospective study]. / Iridotomia profilactica--un studiu prospectiv.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the mid-term efficiency of laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) in preventing intraocular pressure (IOP) increase and angle closure in the fellow eye after acute primary angle closure glaucoma. METHOD: prospective, noncomparative, interventional case series--29 consecutive cases with acute primary angle closure glaucoma on presentation were enrolled in the study in 2001. Mean follow-up time: 14 months (12-18 months). PRESENTATION: assessment of IOP and gonioscopy of the fellow eye; LPI of the fellow eye within 24h of presentation. IOP assessment of the fellow eye thrice a day until discharge. Gonioscopy of the fellow eye at discharge. One month later: visual field; optic nerve head evaluation of the fellow eye after pupil dilation; IOP monitoring until pupil recovery. IOP assessment on a monthly basis. RESULTS: 2 patients presented with bilateral angle closure attack; 2 patients presented with angle closure attack of the second eye, which had not received adequate preventive treatment; 1 patient developed angle closure of the fellow eye immediately after the initial gonioscopy but was promptly managed with LPI; 7 patients had IOP > 21 mm Hg of the fellow eye on presentation, required medication after LPI but did not develop acute angle closure during the follow-up; 17 patients had normal IOP of the fellow eye, remained normal during the follow-up and did not require medication. CONCLUSION: LPI is highly efficient in preventing acute angle closure in the fellow eye; in the eyes that were normal on presentation, LPI also prevents later IOP increase.